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Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is performed to correct facial and body abnormalities caused by birth defects, trauma, disease, or aging.
It also includes a variety of fields: craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, burn surgery, microsurgery, and Paediatric surgery. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery includes procedures like Breast reconstruction or reduction, Surgeries for feet and hands, Wound care, Appendage replacement, Microsurgery or flap procedures and Facial surgeries. Like the procedures themselves, there are multiple surgical methods to achieve the desired results.
Breast Augmentation:
Breast Augmentation refers to the surgical procedure of enlarging of the breasts via implants. Breast augmentation or Augmentation Mammoplasty is the procedure to enhance or augment the size and shape of a woman's breasts.
A breast implant is used for most breast augmentation procedures. This implant may be filled with silicone gel or a salt-water solution known as saline. Typically, a small incision is made in the crease where the breast meets the chest. The implant is placed through this small incision and centered beneath the nipple. Stitches are used to close the incision.
Breast augmentation surgery usually requires one to two hours to complete. Following the insertion and placement of the breast implants, sutures are used to close the surgical incisions. Many cosmetic surgeons will wrap the chest region with a gauze bandage to provide support and to assist with healing. Occasionally, tubes may be used for a brief time following the breast augmentation surgery to drain the surgical site.
Breast augmentation surgery stretches the breast tissue and, therefore, can be painful especially in those breast augmentation cases where the implants have been placed under the chest muscle.
Birth Defects:
Birth defects are defined as abnormalities of structure, function, or body metabolism that are present at birth. These abnormalities lead to mental or physical disabilities or are fatal. There are more than 4,000 different known birth defects, ranging from minor to serious, and although many can be treated or cured. Birth defects can be caused by genetic, environmental, or unknown factors.
Trauma:
The word 'trauma' comes from the Greek word for wound. It is used by the medical profession to refer to physical wounds, but is also used in psychology and the caring professions to refer to a psychological wound - that is, the harm done to a person's psychological well-being by one or more events that cause major levels of distress. Such events include:
. Being seriously injured
. Being assaulted, raped or robbed;
. Experiencing a significant bereavement;
. Witnessing a death or major accident;
. Divorce or other significant relationship breakdown;
. Experiencing a significant (non-death-related) loss or series of losses;
. Being abused (physically, sexually or emotionally).
Craniofacial surgery:
Craniofacial surgery is a surgical subspecialty of plastic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery and otolaryngology that deals with congenital and acquired deformities of the skull, face, and jaws. Although craniofacial treatment often involves manipulation of bone, craniofacial surgery is not tissue-specific, i.e., craniofacial surgeons deal with bone, skin, muscle, teeth, etc. Craniofacial surgery does not, however, include surgery of the brain or eye.
Hand Surgery:
Hand Surgery is surgery of the hand, the wrist and the peripheral nerves of the upper limb. It also encompasses reconstructive surgery that improves upper limb function after nerve injury. Many disorders and injuries of the hand are treated without surgery, using splints, taping, injections and hand physiotherapy.
A typical hand surgery operation is performed as a day-case under a regional anesthetic (injected in the armpit or above the shoulder, to numb the entire arm); the patient is awake or lightly sedated, according to preference. General anesthesia and/or overnight stay in hospital are unusual but are required for some operations on the hand, such as in children or when surgery is prolonged. A few operations can be performed under local anesthesia (injected beneath the skin at the site of surgery). The surgeon uses fine instruments to handle the delicate structures in the hand, and may use magnifying glasses (loupes) or an operating microscope for repair of the small nerves and arteries in the hand.
Burn Surgery
There are two main categories of burn surgery: acute and reconstructive. Acute burn care occurs immediately after the injury. It is delivered by a team of Trauma Surgeons (General Surgeons) that specialize in acute burn care. Complex burns often require consultation with Plastic Surgeons, who assist with the inpatient and outpatient management of these cases.
Reconstructive burn surgery may be required after the initial burn wounds have healed. These kind of care us usually provided by a Plastic Surgeon. The goals of reconstructive burn surgery are to improve both the function and the cosmetic appearance of burn scars. This involves the modification or alteration of the scar tissue, by both non-operative and operative means. The relationship between the burn patient and the reconstructive burn surgeon often lasts many years. Treatments for scar tissue often take several months to be effective, and new scar contractures can appear long after these injuries, especially in young patients who are still growing.
Microsurgery
Surgery through a microscope. Microsurgery is used to operate on very small structures, often requires miniaturized instruments, and has myriad uses. Microsurgery is used to reattach a severed hand or another amputated part to the body by reconnecting the small blood vessels and restoring the circulation before the tissue starts to die. A thumb may also be reconstructed by microsurgery using a segment of the big toe. Or a tiny salivary gland from under the lower jaw may be transferred micro surgically to the eyelid to remedy dry eye (exophthalmia).
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